Holdfast loosening is a natural progression in kelp maturity, resulting from individual haptera being detached from the substratum, usually by invertebrate burrows (McLay and Hayward, 1987), age (specifically, by increased sedimentation and shading; Ghelardi, 1971), and wave forces (Dayton et al., 1984).
 
Variations in holdfast attachment mechanics with ...
ScienceDirect
https://www.sciencedirect.com › article › 
 
 
brooch, 2023
tombac, sterling silver, patina, varnish, steel
73mm x 51mm x 22mm
 
coldforged, soldered